Maurice Juncker in English

Est-il encore fécond, le ventre d'où est sorti la bête immonde ?

Born October 12, 1879 in the Lilas; lawyer at the Court of Appeal of Paris; freemason, militant unionist of the Seine; alternately socialist SFIO, Communist, socialist-communist, then militant of the Party of proletarian unity (PUP), died in Paris on April 21, 1950 <ref> Maitron - http: //maitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1. en / spip.php? article114684 </ ref>.

The Juncker family came from the petty nobility of East Pomerania. It is probably his grandfather who married the daughter of a Jewish printer from Warsaw in the mid-nineteenth century, with whom he migrated to Alsace (Wissembourg).

Near the Polish Bund, the couple, Francophone and Francophile, after the invasion and the attachment of Alsace-Lorraine to the German Reich, to the Paris region.

Michel Juncker - Marie Elisabeth Sonhalder (her grandparents?)

Emile Juncker, his father, was a teacher, his mother, born Emilie Lacot, was without profession. It was the daughter of Amable Lacot, probably from Riom (Puy-de-Dôme) The couple moved to Lilas (Seine Department). It is in the Paris region that will be born two sons, in 1879, the eldest, Maurice (Amable and Emile are his other two names), and in 1887, the youngest, Lucien Juncker. The couple also has a third child, a daughter Alice Juncker, born in 1877, who later becomes for more than 30 years, the one who signs "Liselotte", her articles in Le Petit Echo de la Mode. His parents stayed in Paris until an indefinite date, after 1901 since Emile is still director of a boy's school, rue Delouvain in the 9th (he is 54 years old). They then settle in Riom (Puy-de-Dome), probably the town where the mother of Maurice is native. Emile soon joined the socialists of Riom and militates there until at least 1919.

Maurice Juncker, a graduate of the School of Oriental Languages, thought for a moment to enter the diplomatic career but understands that his Jewish background does not allow him to access such a career. During his studies, he founded the Union of Republican Students at the time of the Dreyfus Affair and then collaborated with the Popular Universities and the Lay Youths. He became a member of the Bar and was a lawyer at the Court of Appeal of Paris where he pleaded both civil cases and political trials, such as the defense of antimilitarists in December 1905. In 1915, while he was mobilized at the 12th Territorial Regiment of Infantry, he agreed to defend many soldiers brought before the War Council, particularly from December. In 1924, he defended communal agents of Choisy le Roi suffering the persecutions of the mayor and elected communists opposing their membership in an independent union.

His political commitment is quite early. In 1903, he gave a lecture on La Libre Pensée in Paris. As soon as he joined the Bar he became involved in the defense of workers' rights and took part in numerous meetings on labor law. He was particularly interested in workers 'rights and accidents at work, publishing several articles of doctrine in the review of the CGT, Workers' Rights, and a Practical Guide of the Boards of Prud'hommes, in 1922. At that time, he was member of the Legal Council of the Union of Trade Unions of the Paris region, lawyer-counsel of the Parisian unions then member of the Judicial Committee of the CGTU in 1923. In 1904, he is secretary of the section of the district of America of the French League for the defense of human rights and citizen, and request through a petition to the National Assembly to amend the law on the election of municipal councilors of Paris. He is also involved in popular education, making a talk during a session of the Theater du peuple, May 24, 1903 in Paris or a conference on Marxism in communist education courses for the section of the 19th arrondissement of the PCF, in November 1922. He is a Freemason and gives a lecture on the freedom of teaching to the female lodge "The New Jerusalem" on the occasion of the convent of 1907 of the Grand Lodge of France.

While continuing to militate and work in Paris, he moved to Mozac, a town adjoining Riom, sub-prefecture of Puy-de-Dôme, circa 1898. Founder of the youthful lay of Riom, he was an ardent propagandist of the League Human Rights and one of the instigators of the socialist group of Riom created in 1910 and which had only 7 members in its beginnings.

In 1914, the Socialists of Puy-de-Dôme present Maurice Juncker as a candidate against the outgoing radical deputy in Riom, Etienne Clémentel. Socialist groups in this constituency of Riom have decided to nominate a candidate because the weaknesses or betrayals of some Republicans have "seriously jeopardized the interests of workers." The groups say that they would otherwise have wanted to enter into battle only after having perfected their organization. Maurice Juncker is presented. He is a lawyer in the Court of Appeal and it is considered unnecessary to recall the well-known past that has been active in the region for over fifteen years. It is installed at both Mozac but also at 105 Manin street in Paris.

He led an active campaign in the field, strongly criticizing capitalism, multiplying the meetings on a territory where the Socialists were not previously implanted, the plain of Limagne around Riom, the cereal. For example, it brings together 300 people in Volvic, where there are quarries. It is hoped that he will put Clémentel in a ballot. The Socialist Group from the Puy-de-Dôme says that "Riom, Juncker leads the good fight with a courage and a disinterestedness that we admire". Juncker does not hesitate to attend the main meeting Clémentel, in his city of Riom, the day before the election. He asks to speak but this one is refused to him by the room presidency but also the whole of the acquired audience to Clémentel (to take again April 25 to April 10, 1914). Nevertheless, the 4 articles signed by Juncker each week before the ballot ("I found", "Naughty masks", "The unexpected", "Everything is explained") are strictly confined to a criticism of radicals national, including Barthou, and in a very nuanced language, making his speech probably unintelligible to part of the electorate. This is undoubtedly the manifestation of a desire to adapt his speech to an electorate hitherto resistant to socialism.

He won only 1549 votes against 12159 to Clementel who is re-elected. He will regret at the end of this campaign the weak echo of his campaign in the press, can only rely on the weekly Alexandre Varenne, the Friend of the People, poorly established in the countryside. Moreover, Juncker, like Albert Paulin, are thanked by the Administrative Commission of the Socialist Party of Puy-de-Dôme for having fought for socialism in two particularly difficult constituencies, without any hope of immediate success.

On August 7, 1919 he made a talk on Jaures for the socialist group of Riom.

His father is a figure of socialism in the department. Veteran of the Riom section, he presided over a meeting of socialist propaganda in the presence of Varenne and Marcel Sembat at the end of June 1920 in Riom. Previously, he had presided on September 7, 1919, the Congress of the Socialist Federation. With the left wing of the Party, Juncker defends the Bracke motion that bans any electoral coalition, especially the radicals. Juncker intervenes in the debate to say that the masses would not forgive the Socialists their weakness if they coalesced with other parties, even the Republican left, and that doing the opposite would prepare them for cruel disillusionment. Then, along with others, he condemned the vote on war credits and demanded a vote of blame on Varenne who voted the war credits to the end, unlike other Socialist deputies. Juncker, with Roux and Isnal, himself from Riom, reinterpreted at the end of the debate to oppose the agenda which is however adopted by a huge majority.

On September 19, 1919, Maurice led a meeting organized by the Volvic Socialist Section with nearly 200 interlocutors. He intervenes after Emile Juncker, his father, presented as the veteran of the socialist section of Riom. Maurice makes a presentation on the causes of the war and to whom it has profited, rising vehemently against the crimes of the governments of the entente, and in particular of the French government, against the revolutions Russian and Hungarian. Maurice is not presented as riomois but lawyer at the Paris Court.

He is with Albert Paulin at a private meeting of the Socialist section of Clermont-Ferrand in memory of Jaurès, in August 1919.

At the SFIO congress to decide on the adhesion to the 21 conditions of the Third International, it is Emile Juncker who defends the motion in favor of this membership. It represents the section of Riom. He regrets that one of the conditions requires submission of the CGT to the SFIO. Joseph Claussat, who defends the rejection of the membership, declares that Juncker himself could not be admitted since he does not accept all the conditions. He considers that those who are in favor of the Revolution, or it is not possible here at this time according to him. Alexandre Varenne supports him and the Claussat motion with 68 terms against 25 to that of Junker and the Thiers section and finally 13 mandates for the motion of Parisian activists from Puy-de-Dôme.

Maurice marries Marguerite Louise Peschet in Paris in 1907 Maurice's brother, Lucien, marries an Auvergne, Yvonne Quinty.

Maurice Juncker joined the SFIO at the Unity Congress in 1905. Since that same year, he was a member of the Judicial Council of the Union of Seine Trade Unions. He was the editor of Le Droit Ouvrier, in particular with Henri Fradin *, and made a review of legislation and jurisprudence of great importance to the workers' movement. In 1912, he defended, with Pierre Laval, another socialist lawyer implanted in Puy-de-Dôme, the militants of the union council of the teachers before the court of Angers. He wrote articles in L'Ami du Peuple, the newspaper created by the socialist leader of the Puy-de-Dôme, Alexandre Varenne, then in the newspaper that succeeded him in 1919, La Montagne.

Maurice Juncker belonged to the SFIO pacifist minority during the First World War. He is active in Paris at the end of the war, leading several meetings alongside future CPF leaders such as Cachin, Treint or Sembat in the 10th and 19th districts. He then rallied the Communist Party and the Third International to the Congress of Tours (December 1920). Although his main militant activity certainly remains in Paris, he is still mentioned in the Puy-de-Dôme from now on as a PCF activist. He followed L.-O. Frossard when he resigned from the Communist Party in January 1923 and participated in the founding of the Proletarian Unity Party a few days later, the 17th. Maurice Juncker was then a member of the Socialist-Communist Union formed on April 29, 1923, from the merger. of two splits of the Communist Party, the Communist Party and the Socialist Federative Union - which published for a few months Equality. In 1925 he was a candidate of the Communist Socialist Union in the district of America at the municipal offices in Paris. Maurice Juncker remained a member of this small organization which took the name of Socialist-Communist Party in 1927 and he was editor-in-chief of its organ: Workers Unity. That same year, 1927, he was a senatorial candidate in Paris where he received only 80 votes, Pierre Laval being elected with 554 votes. The following year, he replied to a major inquiry made by the newspaper The Balkan Federation on the possibilities of existence of a Balkan Federation: he pronounced for the realization of such a Federation under the responsibility of the united proletariat. That same year, 1928, he had been involved in the defense of the Romanian peasant leader, Boris Stefanoff, who had been indicted in a major political trial, but the Bucharest authorities had banned him by deporting him from Romania.

At the end of 1930, the Socialist-Communist Party merged with a new split of the Communist Party, the Peasant Workers Party, to form a new party, the Party of Proletarian Unity (PUP), which, a few months after its creation , began to publish a weekly, Unity. Maurice Juncker was a member of this organization and wrote in this journal. He is dealing on an equal footing with Maurice Thorez or Paul Faure, the respective representatives of the PCF and the SFIO during a tripartite meeting in January 1933 with a view to a joint meeting. Maurice Juncker was several times a candidate in the 2nd constituency of the 19th arr. (America-Pont de Flandres) but he received few votes: in the legislative elections of April 22, 1928, 158 votes (out of 11,412 voters) were put on his name while G. Beaugrand, for the Communist Party, was elected in the second round with 3,216 votes and Demarle of the SFIO had 857. Maurice Juncker was still candidate in the municipal elections of May 1929 in the neighborhood America (191 votes out of 9,362 registered) as well as in the legislative elections of May 1932 (78 votes out of 12,465 voters). From 1935, the Party of Proletarian Unity participated in the discussions on the reunification of the French labor movement and the possibility of a single party. That same year, it is Maurice Juncker who is responsible for answering on behalf of the PUP at the call of the proletarian revolution for a "Organizing Committee of the Conference of opponents of national defense". The PUP is fighting Stalin's stance, which has just supported France's National Defense policy. Maurice Juncker is then considered the main figure of the PUP. He is invited to intervene regularly in the meetings of the popular front, on behalf of the PUP, as before the 4000 workers during a great anti-fascist meeting in Paris in July 1935. The PUP thus approached the SFIO and was able to envisage a "fusion" Which was more like an absorption and which ultimately took place at the end of 1936. Maurice Juncker was then a member of the PUP Bureau, his national directorate. He was part of the delegation of 4 leaders of the PUP submitting to the SFIO CAP on 21 October the organic unit.

However, a minority led by Maurice Juncker, who was still a member of the Legal Council of the Union of Trade Unions in the Paris region, rejected this policy and maintained the independence of the Party of Proletarian Unity by publishing a new bulletin. : The Revolutionary Unity of which Maurice Juncker was the director. In issue 11/12 of this bulletin (January 1938), Maurice Juncker signed a declaration with Treint, Badis, Perussy * in which he opposed the "class collaboration" practiced by the SFIO; he affirmed his desire "to continue the party (the Party of proletarian unity) by giving it a decidedly revolutionary policy". It was necessary to bring together the forces of socialist unity and "to prepare a Federation of revolutionary forces with anticapitalist tendencies, and consequently [...] to create a center of revolutionary recovery". The declaration ended with an application for membership of the International Bureau of Revolutionary Socialist Unity (BIUSR), better known by its nickname "London Office". Maurice Juncker probably attended the international conference held by this organization in Paris from February 19 to 25, 1938; in any case the report of the debates attests the presence of the Party of proletarian unity. It is likely on that date that Maurice Juncker individually joined the London Office. Maurice Juncker was also in contact with militants of the Left Revolutionary. In 1936-1937, he wrote in the newspaper La Vague alongside Marceau Pivert * and also Paul Louis who had belonged from 1923 to 1936 to the same organizations as Maurice Juncker. Although not belonging to Marceau Pivert * 's Socialist Workers' and Peasants' Party (PSOP), Maurice Juncker took part in the negotiations that led this party with the Internationalist Workers Party, the French section of the Fourth International, under which an agreement was signed. unique front in October 1938. Maurice Juncker was the lawyer of Maurice Jacquier, administrative secretary of the peasant workers Socialist Party, who passed judgment on March 1, 1940 before the II Military Court of the Seine. He had several children, including Hélène Juncker, eldest daughter, law associate in 1922 and Andrée Juncker wife of Jean Mortiers des Noyers (direct descendant of the Empire General), corrector at the Imprimerie Nationale and member of the syndicate of the CGT Book. His brother, Lucien Juncker, confessed with the court of Appeal of Riom and that of Versailles, militant of the SFIO, resistant, died in 1948 from the wounds received during the fights of the Liberation

WORK: A Practical Guide to the Councils of Prud'homme, Paris, Librairie de l'Humanité, 1922, 48 p. - Work accidents. Manual for the use of the victim or his assigns. 18th edition revised, corrected and augmented by Henri Fradin and Maurice Juncker, Paris, Union of Labor Unions, 1926, 128 p. - Collaboration with the newspapers quoted in the biography. SOURCES: Birth certificate of Maurice Juncker, Lilas Town Hall; Arch. Ass. Nat., Election results. - Mr. Dreyfus, London Office or Fourth International? Socialists of the Left and Trotskyists in Europe from 1933 to 1940, thesis 3rd cycle, 1978. - The Equality Journal of the Socialist-Communist Union, 1923-1924, passim. - The Balkan Federation, n ° 104, November 15, 1928. - Maurice Jacquier, Simple activist, Paris, Denoel, 1974. - Labor struggle, October 14, 1938. - Pierre Naville, The interwar period, Paris, EDI, 1975 - Le Temps, May 7, 1929. - Unity, organ of the Party of proletarian unity, 1932-1934, passim. - The Workers' Unity, bulletin of the Socialist-Communist Party, 1925-1930, passim. - Information provided by Claude Virlogeux, grand-nephew of Maurice Juncker. Handwritten letters of soldiers thanking Maurice Juncker for having defended them in War Council (December 1915, Claude Virlogeux-Juncker archives); Interview with Claude Virlogeux-Juncker, October 21, 2017; Testimony of Nicole and Jacqueline Juncker, daughters of Lucien Juncker and nieces of Maurice Juncker, collected by Claude Virlogeux-Juncker. Official Journal of the French Republic. Parliamentary debates. Chamber of Deputies, Guy Rousseau, "A notable of the republic vis-a-vis the death of Jaurès", Bulletin of the Society of jaurésiennes studies, n ° 118, July 1998, p. 10-12; "Justice in Romania", The Free Man, Monday, February 6, 1928. "Echoes of theaters", Gil Blas, June 6, 1903, p. 3; "Against the coming war. The new Zimmerwald is organized ", The Proletarian Revolution, No. 201, June 25, 1935; Dawn, December 20, 1903; "Class Justice. The sailors of the "Suffren" condemned, L'Humanité, May 17, 1923. "In Clermont-Ferrand. In honor of Jaures, "L'Humanite, August 19, 1919; "July 14 belongs to the people!", L'Humanité, July 11, 1935. "For the organization of a joint meeting the representatives of the Communist Party yesterday met those of the SFIO and the PUP", L'Humanité, 17 January 1933; "Communist advisers of Choisy-le-Roi exercise on their staff", Le Populaire, May 12, 1924; "The Federation of Puy-de-Dome rejects membership," La Montagne, November 1, 1920; Unity: Central organ of the Party of proletarian unity. Paul Louis, History of Socialism in France from the Revolution to the present day, 1789-1936, 5th edition, Paris, Marcel Rivière, 1950; Mr. Wauquier, The Socialist Party in the Puy-de-Dôme (1919-1924), Master's degree History, University Clermont-Ferrand, 1970; "A meeting of Maurice Juncker at Volvic", La Montagne, September 22, 1919; Maurice Juncker, "Impressions of campaign", The Friend of the People, May 10, 1914; Maurice Juncker, "To the Electors of Riom-Plaine", The Friend of the People, April 19, 1914; "Borough of Riom. To the Electors ", The Friend of the People, March 15, 1914; Directory-almanac of commerce, industry, magistracy and administration: or almanac of the 500,000 addresses of Paris, departments and foreign countries, Paris, Firmin-Didot brothers, years 1897 and 1901; Maurice Juncker, Teaching Question: Liberty or Monopoly ?, Poligny (Jura): Edition of the "Annales of Secular Youth, 1907, 36 pp. (Report presented to the Lodge" New Jerusalem "on the occasion of the convent of 1907 of the Grand Lodge of France) The Rent Crisis and the Socialist Party [Signed: Maurice Juncker.], Paris: The Socialist Editions of the Socialist Group of the District of America, (1911), 36 pp. Henri Fradin , ... Maurice Juncker, ..., Accidents at work, manual for the use of the victim or his successors, 18th edition ..., Paris: Edition of the Union of Labor Unions, 1926, 127 p. , Martine Wauquier, The Socialist Party in the Puy-de-Dôme (1919-1924), memory history master, University Clermont-Ferrand; "Federal Congress of September 7, 1919, Socialist Federation of Puy-de-Dôme, the Friend of People, September 14, 1919.